PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126002 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian								7.246
		Serravallian					Sarmatian								11.63
		Serravallian					Badenian								12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian												168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian												168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian												174.7
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
			Early Toarcian												182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian	Sevatian												208.5
			Alaunian												213.2 *
			Lacian												216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian												227
		Carnian	Julian												233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian												237
		Ladinian	Fassanian												239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian												242
			Pelsonian												243.8 *
			Bithynian												244.7 *
			Aegean												245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian			323.2
		Visean				Chesterian			330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian			470
										Whitlandian			471.1 *
										Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †				497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †						504.5
															509