PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Devonian Subages	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Senonian					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Gallic					100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Frasnian		Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Couvinien		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien		Pragian		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †				497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			504.5
												509