PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian								Sheridanian					0.129
				Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
				Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
				Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
													Monroecreekian				23.1 *
													Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian									Geringian				27.82
				Rupelian													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian													37
				Bartonian													37.71
				Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
				Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
				Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
				Selandian										To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian										To3/To2/To1			61.6
				Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Senonian		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Gallic		100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian												113
				Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										Neocomian		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes			259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian					Southwoodian		Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Southwoodian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian							Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †					497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635