PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126173 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					33.9
				Bartonian										MP 16					37.71
				Lutetian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
				Ypresian										MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										MP 6	MP 1 - 5				56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Senonian		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												Gallic		100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian														113
				Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Neocomian		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan								145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan								150
					Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan								152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian								154.5
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan								164.3
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
					Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan								176
					Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
					Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Aratauran								188.9
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
				Norian	Sevatian						Warepan								208.5
					Alaunian														213.2 *
					Lacian														216.7 *
											Otamitan								217
											Oretian								221
				Carnian	Tuvalian						Oretian								227
					Tuvalian					Gore	Kaihikuan								227.5
Julian					233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
				Longobardian	Etalian		238
				Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
				Aegean	Malakovian		246
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
				Smithian			248.9 *
				Smithian	Nelsonian		249
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
				Griesbachian			251.4 *
				Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian		264.28
			Wordian				Barettian		266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						Bursumian †	293.52
			Asselian						Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
									Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
									Desmoinesian				305.9 *
			Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian		307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
									Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
						Westphalian B						314.6
			Bashkirian			Westphalian B					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
						Westphalian A						317 *
						Westphalian A			Morrowan			318.4 *
						Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
										Marsdenian		320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
										Alportian		322 *
										Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
										Arnsbergian		324 *
										Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian				Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Warnantian			Meramecian	Brigantian †		335.8 *
						Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
						Moliniacian			Osagean	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian			Osagean		Early Mississippian	346.7
						Ivorian			Kinderhookian			351.9 *
						Hastarian			Kinderhookian			353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
			Pragian									407.6
			Lochkovian									410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Katian									449.5
Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Sandbian									453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Darriwilian									Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †								Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian					467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					Lianghekou †				477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635