PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China			Cambrian Epochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian									Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian									Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian									Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
												Monroecreekian					23.1 *
												Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian										Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian															37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian											To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian											To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian						Kawhia	Ohauan							150
			Early Kimmeridgian							Ohauan							152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian							Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian							Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pusgillian	449.5
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
								Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian							Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Lianghekou †		Migneintian			477.9 *
											Cressagian			480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian												509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8