PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126175 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian									Sheridanian					0.129
				Chibanian									Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
				Calabrian									Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
				Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
														Monroecreekian				23.1 *
														Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian										Geringian				27.82
				Rupelian														29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian														37
				Bartonian														37.71
				Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
				Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
				Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
				Selandian											To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian											To3/To2/To1			61.6
				Danian											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Senonian		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											Gallic		100.5
					Middle Albian													106.2 *
					Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian													113
				Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											Neocomian		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
					Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
					Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Wordian		Noginskian				264.9 *
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
			Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		Autunian		283.5
			Artinskian		Rusavkinian				287.6 *
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian					303.7
					Khamovnikian					304.8
					Krevyakinian					305.8 *
			Moscovian		Myachkovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Podolskian					308.9 *
					Kashirian					311.4 *
					Vereian					313.8
					Melekessian					314.8
			Bashkirian		Melekessian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Prikamian					318.6 *
					Severokeltmian					319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
					Voznesenian					321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian				Late Mississippian	323.2
					Protvian					324.4 *
					Steshevian					326.8 *
					Tarusian					329 *
			Visean		Venevian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Mikhailovian					331.9 *
					Aleksinian					333.7 *
					Tulian					335.8 *
					Bobrikian					339.9 *
					Radaevkian					343.4 *
			Tournaisian		Kosvian	Early Mississippian			346.7
					Kizelian				350.7 *
					Cherepetian				351.9 *
					Karakubian				354.4 *
					Upinian				356.3 *
					Malevkian				357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian				358.9
						Middle Famennian				365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian			Late Frasnian				372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian				382.7
						Middle Givetian				383.7 *
						Early Givetian				385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian				387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian				390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian				393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian				398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian				410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
Wenlock		Homerian	427.4
Wenlock		Sheinwoodian	430.5
Llandovery		Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian					509
		Stage 3	Branchian					514
		Stage 3	Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635