PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian							Ionian				0.129
				Chibanian				Castlecliffian			Ionian				0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian						Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian							3
				Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian				Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian				Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian							23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan							37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian				Heretaungan							47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
								Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian							56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian							66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
								Mangaotanean							90.5
								Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan							93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
								Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Motuan							100.5
					Late Albian			Urutawan							103.3
					Middle Albian			Urutawan							106.2 *
					Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan							108.4
					Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian										113
					Late Aptian										117.5
					Early Aptian										119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras		168.2
				Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
				Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
							Planulata		179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
							Kanense			181.3 *
							Carlottense			182.3 *
				Early Toarcian			Carlottense			182.9 *
				Early Toarcian			Kunae			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae			184.2
							Freboldi			185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
			Norian	Sevatian							208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian							227
			Carnian	Julian							233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
			Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian							242
				Pelsonian							243.8 *
	Bithynian			244.7 *
	Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
			Wordian									264.28
			Roadian									266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
			Artinskian									283.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian									293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian									Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian				323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian				330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †						497
			Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan								Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	Early Cambrian							509
			Stage 3		Branchian					514
			Stage 3		Placentian					517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean				4000
															4600