PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian									0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean			Yushean									3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian			Tunggurian			Pannonian						11.1
		Serravallian						Sarmatian						11.63
		Serravallian						Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian			Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian									15.98
		Burdigalian			Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian			Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
			Late Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan		208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Oretian		227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						237
			Longobardian				Etalian		238
			Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
				Westphalian A						317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
								Marsdenian		320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
								Alportian		322 *
								Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
								Arnsbergian		324 *
								Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian					Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †									497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					504.5
														509