PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan			Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian			Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian							Kawhia	Ohauan			150
			Early Kimmeridgian								Ohauan			152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian								Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
			Late Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian									213.2 *
			Lacian									216.7 *
											Otamitan	217
											Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian								Oretian	227
			Tuvalian							Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian					Etalian			238
			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
			Aegean					Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian								247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				443.8
		Katian		Bolindian				445.2
				Eastonian				449 *
				Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian				470
				Bendigonian				471.8 *
				Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		504.5
														509