PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean																0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean																0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean																0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean																0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian								Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian								Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan								Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
					Hemingfordian								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
														Monroecreekian							23.1 *
														Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian												Geringian		Kekeamuan					27.82
					Whitneyan																29.5
					Orellan																31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan								Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian				47.8
					Wasatchian								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
					Clarkforkian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan					56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan					56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian										To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian										To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian			Puercan										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian																		100.5
			Middle Albian																		106.2 *
			Early Albian																		109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian																		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian																		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																		139.8
			Middle Berriasian																		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian				Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Late Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Oretian	227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Kralodvorian				Eastonian		449 *
				Berounian				Eastonian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian				458.4
				Dobrotivian								458.5 *
				Oretanian								459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
				Arenigian					Yapeenian			468
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian			470
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Lancefieldian			477.7
									Warendian			482.8 *
									Warendian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian											489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									Series 3 †			497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan				Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan												509
			Toyonian	Lenian †											510 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian												514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian												515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian												521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †											529
																					538.8