PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian			16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian					27.82
								Whitneyan			29.5
								Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian			50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								100.5
			Middle Albian								106.2 *
			Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
			Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
			Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						174.7
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
			Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †					497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			504.5
											509