PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
							Hemingfordian					16.3
							Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan							27.82
							Whitneyan					29.5
							Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian	Bridgerian					47.8
							Wasatchian					50.5
							Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan		Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian			Gashatan		Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian					Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Melekhovian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian						259.51
		Wordian							264.28
				Noginskian					264.9 *
			Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						273.01
			Kubergandian	Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
			Bolorian						279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian						283.5
			Yakhtashian						286
			Yakhtashian	Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian							303.7
				Khamovnikian							304.8
				Krevyakinian							305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
				Podolskian							308.9 *
				Kashirian							311.4 *
				Vereian							313.8
				Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
				Cheremshanian							316.9 *
				Prikamian							318.6 *
				Severokeltmian							319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian	323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †				497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
												509