PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian Subages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
								Hemingfordian				16.3
								Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						27.82
								Whitneyan				29.5
								Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Bridgerian				47.8
								Wasatchian				50.5
								Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian				Gashatan		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian						Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Noginskian					264.9 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian					283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
				Khamovnikian						304.8
				Krevyakinian						305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Podolskian						308.9 *
				Kashirian						311.4 *
				Vereian						313.8
				Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Cheremshanian						316.9 *
				Prikamian						318.6 *
				Severokeltmian						319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian						321.2 *
				Voznesenian						321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian					Late Mississippian	323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian		Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		Early Mississippian	346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4		Jaani
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †			497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
												509