PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene	MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	MN 16	Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene	MN 15				3.6
								MN 14				4.2
								MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian		MN 12				7.246
								MN 11				7.75
								MN 10				8.7
								MN 9				9.7
								MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian				Sarmatian	Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian				Badenian		MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene	MN 4				15.98
								MN 3				16.9
								MN 2				20
		Aquitanian						MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian		Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan			Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein							Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes							259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian							283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian								Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean								Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	504.5
												509