PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean									Yushean			3.6
		Zanclean									Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian									Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian									Tunggurian			11.63
		Langhian									Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian									Shanwangian			15.98
		Burdigalian									Xiejiaan			16.9
		Aquitanian									Xiejiaan			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian					100.5
									Middle Albian					106.2 *
									Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian					113
		Aptian							Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
									Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
									Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian					174.7
									Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
									Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian							Sevatian					208.5
									Alaunian					213.2 *
									Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian					227
		Carnian							Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere	450.6 *
									Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †		504.5
														509