PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of France	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16							Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15									3.6
					MN 14									4.2
					MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12									7.246
					MN 11									7.75
					MN 10									8.7
					MN 9									9.7
					MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8									11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4									15.98
					MN 3									16.9
					MN 2									20
		Aquitanian			MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian	Wordian											264.28
		Roadian	Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian		Nealian		293.52
		Asselian		Nealian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian			320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
					Alportian			322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian		Late Mississippian	323.2
					Arnsbergian			324 *
					Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8