PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Silurian of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian											Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian											Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian											Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
														Monroecreekian				23.1 *
														Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian												Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian																37
		Bartonian																37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian													To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian											100.5
							Middle Albian											106.2 *
							Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian											113
		Aptian					Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian											139.8
							Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
							Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
										Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
										Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila				Idavere †	453
										Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
										Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Kukruse						456.4 *
												Aurelucian				456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
										Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
										Lasnamagi						458.9 *
										Aseri						460.4 *
										Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland						Kunda	462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
				Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka					467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
											Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
				Billingen										469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
									Latorp †					470.1 *
												Whitlandian		471.1 *
				Hunneberg								Whitlandian		473.7 *
												Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
												Cressagian		480.8 *
				Varangu										481.3 *
				Pakerort										482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †											504.5
																		509