PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene												15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene												23.03
												Monroecreekian				23.1 *
												Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene								Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene												37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene												37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene									To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene									To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		315.2			Atokan
		Bashkirian		Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian			323.2
		Visean		Chesterian			330.9
				Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
							Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
							Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian					Keila				Idavere †	453
							Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
							Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Kukruse						456.4 *
									Aurelucian				456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
							Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
							Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
						Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig					Fennian	468.4 *
							Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
					Latorp †						470.1 *
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Hunneberg	Whitlandian			473.7 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Migneintian			477.7
								Cressagian			480.8 *
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †		497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
																509