PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Lujanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian							Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
							Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian					MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				Late Pliocene	MN 16		Tertiary †	2.58
							Chapadmalalan					MN 16			2.9 *
												MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene				3.6
							Montehermosan								3.7 *
												MN 14			4.2
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14			4.7
							Huayquerian					MN 13			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12			7.246
												MN 11			7.75
							Chasicoan					MN 11			7.9 *
												MN 10			8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10			9.4
												MN 9			9.7
							Mayoan								9.9 *
							Laventan								10.9 *
												MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene				11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
												MN 6			12.8 *
							Colloncuran					MN 6			13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran					MN 5			13.82
		Langhian					Friasian					MN 5			15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian				Early Miocene	MN 4			15.98
							Santacrucian								16.2 *
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
												MN 3			16.9
							Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
												MN 2			20
		Aquitanian													20.44
							Deseadan								20.9 *
												MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene				23.03
					Monroecreekian										23.1 *
					Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
							Tinguirirican								28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Late Eocene				33.9
				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan								35.9 *
															37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
							Mustersan								41.9 *
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene				47.8
							Casamayoran								47.9 *
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				Late Paleocene				56
						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican								56.2
							Itaboraian								56.9 *
							Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene						61.6
							Tiupampan		62.4 *
						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian						Wordian			264.28
		Roadian						Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian			Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian			Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Moscovian			Atokan			Middle Pennsylvanian					312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan			Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan			Early Pennsylvanian					318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian			Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean			Chesterian			Middle Mississippian					330.9
					Meramecian								335.8 *
					Osagean								343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean			Early Mississippian					346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian			Early Mississippian					351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
															509