PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
				Irvingtonian											0.21
					Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian													0.774
				Blancan											1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean									Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan										3.6
					Montehermosan										3.7 *
				Hemphillian	Montehermosan										4.7
					Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
					Chasicoan										7.9 *
				Clarendonian	Chasicoan										9.4
					Mayoan										9.9 *
					Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian													11.63
				Barstovian											12.5
					Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian			Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian										15.98
					Santacrucian										16.2 *
				Hemingfordian	Santacrucian										16.3
				Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
				Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						27.82
					Tinguirirican										28.9 *
				Whitneyan											29.5
				Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
				Chadronian	Divisaderan										35.9 *
				Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
					Mustersan										41.9 *
				Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian					47.8
					Casamayoran										47.9 *
				Wasatchian											50.5
				Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian	Riochican				Gashatan						56
				Tiffanian	Riochican										56.2
					Itaboraian										56.9 *
					Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian													61.6
					Tiupampan										62.4 *
				Puercan	Tiupampan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †			254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
															509