PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
							Hemingfordian					16.3
							Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan							27.82
							Whitneyan					29.5
							Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian	Bridgerian					47.8
							Wasatchian					50.5
							Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan		Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian			Gashatan		Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian					Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian				393.3
		Pragian		Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	470
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan			Stage 5 †				504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran			Stage 5 †				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran			Branchian	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Montezuman			Placentian				517.1
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8