PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian							Lujanian			0.129
				Chibanian							Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian							Ensenadan			0.774
				Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian							Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean							Chapadmalalan			3.6
											Montehermosan			3.7 *
											Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
											Chasicoan			7.9 *
											Mayoan			9.9 *
											Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian							Laventan			11.63
				Serravallian							Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian							Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian							Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian							Friasian			15.98
											Santacrucian			16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
				Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian			20.44
				Aquitanian							Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian							Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican			33.9
				Priabonian							Divisaderan			35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian							Mustersan			41.9 *
				Ypresian							Mustersan			47.8
				Ypresian							Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican			56
											Itaboraian			56.9 *
											Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian							Tiupampan			62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan					145
				Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan					150
									Heterian					154.5
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Callovian					Temaikan					164.3
				Bathonian										165.3
Bajocian				168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Flettian			264.28
					Barettian			266
						Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
					Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
						Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian					283.5
					Telfordian			285
					Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
						Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani		433.4
			Telychian						Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
		Orosirian											1800
		Rhyacian											2050
		Siderian											2300
Archean	Neoarchean												2500
	Mesoarchean												2800
	Paleoarchean												3200
	Eoarchean												3600
Hadean													4000
														4600