PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan							150
						Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						176
							Planulata						179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
							Kanense						181.3 *
							Carlottense						182.3 *
							Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae						184.2
							Freboldi						185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
						Aratauran	Whiteavesi/Imlayi						188.9
													189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian				Warepan							208.5
						Otamitan							217
						Oretian							221
		Carnian				Oretian							227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan							237
		Ladinian	Etalian	238
		Anisian	Etalian	242
		Anisian	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			504.5
													509