PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene			0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian			MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean		Late Pliocene	MN 16	Tertiary †	2.58
								Chapadmalalan			MN 16		2.9 *
											MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
								Montehermosan			MN 14		4.2
								Huayquerian			MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian									MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
								Chasicoan			MN 11		7.9 *
											MN 10		8.7
											MN 9		9.7
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8		11.63
											MN 6		12.8 *
								Colloncuran			MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran			MN 5		13.82
		Langhian						Friasian			MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian		Early Miocene	MN 4		15.98
								Santacrucian			MN 4		16.2 *
								Santacrucian			MN 3		16.9
								Colhuehuapian			MN 3		17.4 *
											MN 2		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
								Deseadan					20.9 *
											MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican		Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan		Late Eocene			35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan		Early Eocene			47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran		Early Eocene			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican		Late Paleocene			56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan		Early Paleocene			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †								504.5
													509