PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan							3.6
							Montehermosan							3.7 *
							Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
							Chasicoan							7.9 *
							Mayoan							9.9 *
							Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian					Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian					Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian							15.98
							Santacrucian							16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican							56
							Itaboraian							56.9 *
							Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
						Stephanian B		300.9 *
						Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian		307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
						Westphalian C		309.8
						Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B		315.2
						Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
						Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
						Alportian		322 *
						Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian		323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian		330.9
				Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
			Dobrotivian					458.5 *
			Oretanian					459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
														509