PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of North America		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Hemingfordian										16.3
						Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian										47.8
						Wasatchian										50.5
						Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian				Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian									113
		Aptian					Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
						Huashibanian			318.5 *
						Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian			330.9
		Visean				Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian							Bolindian	445.2
				Chientangkiangian							Eastonian	449 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Eastonian	449.5
											Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian									Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo		Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Darriwilian	466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian							Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian							Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian							Chewtonian	470
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian								477.7
										Lianghekou †		477.9 *
										Lianghekou †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan					Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran					Stage 5 †			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Waucoban †				Delamaran							509
		Stage 4					Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran							514
							Montezuman							514.8 *
							Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8