PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene												15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene												23.03
														Monroecreekian				23.1 *
														Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene								Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene												37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene												37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene									To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene									To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian											100.5
							Middle Albian											106.2 *
							Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian											113
		Aptian					Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian											139.8
							Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
							Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Harju	Porkuni		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu			Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Eastonian					Cautleyan	449 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Vormsi		Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †				450 *
						Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
							Rakvere			Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Gisbornian		Oandu			Cheneyan		452 *
							Oandu			Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †				453
							Keila				Actonian †	453.2 *
							Haljala				Actonian †	453.9
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Kukruse						456.4 *
										Aurelucian			456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Uhaku		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
							Aseri			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
						Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Yapeenian									467.3
					Yapeenian				Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
					Castlemainian									468.5 *
					Castlemainian		Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian									470
								Latorp †						470.1 *
			Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Bendigonian					471.8 *
				Lancefieldian	473.5 *
					Hunneberg		473.7 *
			Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian		477.7
							Cressagian		480.8 *
					Varangu				481.3 *
					Pakerort				482.2 *
				Warendian					482.8 *
				Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †						485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian		Paibian										494
		Paibian		Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian						494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian				Wangcunian †						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Drumian				Wangcunian †							500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian												509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian												521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian												529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian												530.7
																		538.8