PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of North America				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian		Sheridanian									0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian									0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
								Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian																	0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean										Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan											3.6
								Montehermosan											3.7 *
								Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
								Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
								Chasicoan											7.9 *
								Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
								Mayoan											9.9 *
								Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian																	11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
								Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian						Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian											15.98
								Santacrucian											16.2 *
								Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
								Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									17.4 *
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
											Monroecreekian								23.1 *
											Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan													27.82
								Tinguirirican											28.9 *
																			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
								Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									35.9 *
																			37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
								Mustersan											41.9 *
										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian												47.8
								Casamayoran											47.9 *
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
								Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
								Itaboraian											56.9 *
								Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian																	61.6
								Tiupampan											62.4 *
								Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian			Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian												407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian				Gamachian			443.8
		Katian						445.2		Gamachian
								Richmondian		446 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
								Edenian				450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian				453
								Turinian				453.7 *
						Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean						Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian							480.3 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian		Batyrbaian					485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian					Series 3 †	497
										Ayusokkanian						Arcadian	498.4
																	499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †							Tuesaian							504.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †														505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian														509
										Toyonian							510 *
										Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian							514
										Atdabanian							515.6 *
			Placentian							Atdabanian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian							521
		Stage 2															525.5
		Fortunian															529
																			538.8