PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian									100.5
				Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian									113
		Aptian		Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian									139.8
				Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
				Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan			150
				Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan			152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian									174.7
				Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan			176
				Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
				Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						Warepan			208.5
				Alaunian									213.2 *
				Lacian									216.7 *
										Otamitan			217
										Oretian			221
		Carnian		Tuvalian						Oretian			227
				Tuvalian					Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
			Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Longobardian	Etalian		238
			Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
			Aegean	Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Smithian			248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian			259.51
		Wordian							264.28
							Noginskian		264.9 *
						Barettian			266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
						Mangapirian			276
							Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian					303.7
							Khamovnikian					304.8
							Khamovnikian				Cantabrian	305 *
							Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian		Middle Pennsylvanian			307
					Myachkovian				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian					Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian					Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian						311.4 *
					Vereian						313.8
					Vereian					Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
					Cheremshanian						316.9 *
					Cheremshanian					Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian					Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian					Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian					Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Voznesenian					Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian			Chokierian	323.2
					Zapaltjubian					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Protvian						324.4 *
					Steshevian						326.8 *
					Steshevian					Pendleian	327.4 *
					Tarusian					Pendleian	329 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †		Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
									Mikhailovian		331.9 *
									Aleksinian		333.7 *
									Tulian		335.8 *
					Livian		Asbian †		Tulian		336.3 *
					Livian		Asbian †		Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Bobrikian		340.2 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
									Kizelian		350.7 *
									Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Hastarian		353.7 *				Cherepetian
					Karakubian				354.4 *
					Upinian				356.3 *
					Malevkian				357.6 *
					Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian						509
		Stage 3		Branchian						514
		Stage 3		Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8