PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene															0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												MN 16	Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												MN 15			3.6
															MN 14			4.2
															MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian													MN 12			7.246
															MN 11			7.75
															MN 10			8.7
															MN 9			9.7
															MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian													MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian													MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												MN 4			15.98
															MN 3			16.9
															MN 2			20
		Aquitanian													MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian													MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene															33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene															37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene															41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene															56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene															59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan								Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran								Stage 5 †			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran								Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4		Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran											514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
				Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8