PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A												33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	MP 16												37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11												41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5											56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian											Wordian			264.28
		Roadian											Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian												Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian												Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian											Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian												Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †							Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian									303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *	Middle Pennsylvanian
		Bashkirian				Atokan	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Meramecian		335.8 *
						Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian			438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	504.5
																509