PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126606 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian	Sheridanian								0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian					Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian								Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean								Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
													509