PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene							15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
					Monroecreekian					23.1 *
					Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene							37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian	445.2
				Eastonian	449 *
			Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
			Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian		Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
										538.8