PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian										Lujanian			0.129
				Chibanian										Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian										Ensenadan			0.774
				Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian										Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean										Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian										Laventan			11.63
				Serravallian										Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian										Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian										Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian										Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
				Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian			20.44
				Aquitanian										Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican			33.9
				Priabonian										Divisaderan			35.9 *
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Lutetian										Mustersan			41.9 *
				Ypresian										Mustersan			47.8
				Ypresian										Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican			56
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
				Danian										Tiupampan			62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian									100.5
								Middle Albian									106.2 *
								Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian									113
				Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
								Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
								Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan					145
				Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
								Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan					150
								Early Kimmeridgian				Ohauan					152.2 *
								Early Kimmeridgian				Heterian					154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
			Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian			264.28
							Barettian			266
								Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian					Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
							Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
								Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
								Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian					Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian					372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian					382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian					393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		Series 3 †	497
			Drumian										500.5
Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Caerfai							509
Series 2		Stage 3								514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2								521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian										Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau		1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan		1375
																	1400