PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian						0.0117
				Chibanian										Sheridanian						0.129
				Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
				Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
															Monroecreekian					23.1 *
															Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian											Geringian					27.82
				Rupelian																29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian																37
				Bartonian																37.71
				Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1				60.9
				Danian												To3/To2/To1				61.6
				Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian													100.5
							Middle Albian													106.2 *
							Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian													113
				Aptian			Early Aptian													119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian													139.8
							Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
							Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
							Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan							150
							Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan							152.2 *
							Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
			Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian		264.28
			Wordian				Barettian		266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian							Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pusgillian	449.5
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
									Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
									Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian							Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
										Lianghekou †		Migneintian			477.9 *
												Cressagian			480.8 *
															485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †				504.5
Series 2		Stage 4						509
Series 2		Stage 3						514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2						521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635