PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
				Hemphillian											4.7
													Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
				Clarendonian											9.4
													Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian													11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian											Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
				Hemingfordian											16.3
				Hemingfordian									Xiejiaan		16.9
				Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
				Whitneyan											29.5
				Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
				Wasatchian											50.5
				Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian		Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian				100.5
											Middle Albian				106.2 *
											Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian				113
		Aptian									Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian				139.8
											Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
											Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		146.3 *							Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju				Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
						Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku					458.4
						Lasnamagi					458.9 *
						Aseri					460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg						477.7
						Varangu						481.3 *
						Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort						485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				504.5
															509