PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian					0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian									3
		Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
				Opoitian									3.7
				Opoitian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
				Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
									Monroecreekian				23.1 *
									Geringian				24.7 *
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
								Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Mangaorapan				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
				Waipawan				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					52
				Waipawan						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian			Wordian		264.28
		Roadian			Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian					Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian	489.5
			Aksaian	490.7 *
			Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †					497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian			Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
			Toyonian						510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
													525.5