PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene				0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan					MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian					MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian				Late Pliocene	MN 16		Tertiary †	2.58
				Waipipian					MN 16			3
									MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene				3.6
				Opoitian								3.7
									MN 14			4.2
									MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
									MN 9			9.7
			Southland	Waiauan					MN 9			11.04
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8			11.63
									MN 6			12.8 *
				Lillburnian					MN 6			13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian					MN 5			13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	MN 4			15.98
									MN 3			16.9
				Otaian					MN 3			18.7
									MN 2			20
		Aquitanian										20.44
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
									MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan				Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian								41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan				Early Eocene				47.8
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian				Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian		Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
				Mangaotanean								90.5
				Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †		504.5
												509