PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian										0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian										0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
				Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
				Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian										Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian											3
		Zanclean		Waipipian											3.6
				Opoitian											3.7
				Opoitian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian									Pannonian				7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
			Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian									Sarmatian				11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Sarmatian				12.5
											Badenian				12.8 *
				Lillburnian							Badenian				13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian											13.82
				Clifdenian											15.1
			Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
				Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
				Duntroonian											25.2
				Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
			Arnold	Runangan											34.6
				Kaiatan											36.7
															37
		Bartonian													37.71
				Bortonian											39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
				Heretaungan											45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
				Mangaorapan											48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										52
				Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1								61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian		Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
				Mangaotanean					90.5
				Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan					93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
				Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan					100.5
				Urutawan					103.3
			Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian		Korangan					113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian				Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian				Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian				Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian				Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian				Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
										Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian						Kuzel	298.9
											Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian										Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian							Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
								Westphalian C			309.8
								Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			Westphalian B			315.2
								Westphalian A			317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
								Marsdenian			320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
								Alportian			322 *
								Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			Chokierian			323.2
								Arnsbergian			324 *
								Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian			330.9
					Livian		Asbian †				336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian	Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan								Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran								Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran					Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8