PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian			0.0117
				Chibanian								Ionian			0.129
				Calabrian											0.774
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Serravallian											11.63
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan									150
						Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras							168.2
				Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
				Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							176
								Planulata							179.3 *
								Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
								Kanense							181.3 *
								Carlottense							182.3 *
								Kunae							183.5 *
				Pliensbachian				Kunae							184.2
								Freboldi							185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
						Aratauran		Whiteavesi/Imlayi							188.9
															189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian											192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
			Norian		Warepan			208.5
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
			Carnian		Oretian			227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan			237
			Ladinian		Etalian			238
			Anisian		Etalian			242
			Anisian		Malakovian			246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian			247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
			Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			Meishanian		Dorashamian	251.902
					Waiitian			Meishanian			253.2
								Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan			Laoshanian				254.2
					Puruhauan			Laibinian				257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Lengwuan		Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Flettian			Kuhfengian				264.28
					Barettian							266
										Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian							Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		Kubergandian		273.01
					Mangapirian					Kubergandian		276
										Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian									283.5
					Telfordian							285
								Longlinian				285.4 *
										Yakhtashian		286
										Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian					Zisongian		Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian										300.1
			Kasimovian										303.7
			Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean									Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian									Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
			Pragian										407.6
			Lochkovian										410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean										3600
Hadean											4000
															4600