PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126342 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene			0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian			MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		Late Pliocene	MN 16	Tertiary †	2.58
						Chapadmalalan			MN 16		2.9 *
									MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
						Montehermosan					3.7 *
						Montehermosan			MN 14		4.2
						Huayquerian			MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12		7.246
									MN 11		7.75
						Chasicoan			MN 11		7.9 *
									MN 10		8.7
									MN 9		9.7
						Mayoan					9.9 *
						Laventan					10.9 *
									MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8		11.63
									MN 6		12.8 *
						Colloncuran			MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran			MN 5		13.82
		Langhian				Friasian			MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian		Early Miocene	MN 4		15.98
						Santacrucian			MN 4		16.2 *
						Santacrucian			MN 3		16.9
						Colhuehuapian			MN 3		17.4 *
									MN 2		20
		Aquitanian									20.44
						Deseadan					20.9 *
									MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican		Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan		Late Eocene			35.9 *
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan		Early Eocene			47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran		Early Eocene			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican		Late Paleocene			56
						Itaboraian					56.9 *
						Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan		Early Paleocene			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				504.5
											509