PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Permian Subages of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan									Late Kimmeridgian			150
				Ohauan									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Heterian									Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian			168.2
										Humphresianum			Late Bajocian			168.4
										Humphresianum			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian			174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan						Thouarsense						176
																180.1
													Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian			182
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			188.9
		Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian		Warepan									Sevatian			208.5
													Alaunian			213.2 *
													Lacian			216.7 *
				Otamitan												217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller		Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Leine		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Leine		Wordian				266
		Roadian					Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian							Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian			Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †						504.5
																509