PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene					Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene									33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan										150
				Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian		Warepan										208.5
				Otamitan										217
				Oretian										221
		Carnian		Oretian										227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian		Etalian										238
		Anisian		Etalian										242
		Anisian		Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian										249
		Induan		Nelsonian										251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan										251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan									Meishanian	251.902
				Waiitian			253.2						Meishanian
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	Laoshanian	254.14
				Puruhauan				Laoshanian	254.2
				Puruhauan				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian					266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
				Telfordian				Longlinian	285.4 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian				Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian				Drumian					Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian						509
											Toyonian	510 *
											Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3				Nangaoian					Botomian	514
		Stage 3				Nangaoian					Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8