PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of North America						Central Paratethys Stages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian									Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian									Sarmatian			11.63
				Barstovian									Sarmatian			12.5
													Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Hemingfordian												16.3
				Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian												47.8
				Wasatchian												50.5
				Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian		Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian				283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †								504.5
																509