PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of North America		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian												11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian												20
		Aquitanian	Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian									100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian									150
					Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
					Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian									154.5
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									164.3
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian									174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian									176
						Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
						Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									188.9
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian									208.5
						Alaunian									213.2 *
						Lacian									216.7 *
					Otamitan										217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian			Oretian	Tuvalian		227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
					Etalian	Longobardian		238
						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
			Malakovian		246	Aegean
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
			Nelsonian		Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Longtanian †		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Wordian			266
		Roadian				Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian					Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
				Telfordian						285
				Telfordian		Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian								Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					330.9			Shangsian
		Visean					Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Bolindian	445.2
										Eastonian	449 *
										Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian								Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian								Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian								Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian	470
										Bendigonian	471.8 *
										Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian								Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian								Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5						Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Topazan			Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran			Stage 5 †			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran			Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4			Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran								514
					Montezuman								514.8 *
					Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8