PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126318 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian	MN 17								Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16								Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
			MN 16								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
			MN 15											3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
											Montehermosan			3.7 *
			MN 14								Montehermosan			4.2
			MN 13								Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13											5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12											7.246
			MN 11											7.75
			MN 11								Chasicoan			7.9 *
			MN 10											8.7
			MN 9											9.7
											Mayoan			9.9 *
											Laventan			10.9 *
			MN 7 + 8											11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8											11.63
			MN 6											12.8 *
			MN 6								Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian	MN 5								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian	MN 5								Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian	MN 4								Friasian			15.98
			MN 4								Santacrucian			16.2 *
			MN 3								Santacrucian			16.9
			MN 3								Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
			MN 2											20
		Aquitanian												20.44
											Deseadan			20.9 *
			MN 1											22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican			56
											Itaboraian			56.9 *
											Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan	150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan	152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian		Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Longobardian	Etalian			238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean	Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian			249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
							Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian			Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Couvinien				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien				Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †			504.5
														509