PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Siberia			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Buntsandstein					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Buntsandstein				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Ohre/Aller					259.51
		Wordian								Leine					264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian				300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian				303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian			489.5
					Aksaian						490.7 *
					Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian						Paibian			494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian					509
					Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			Nangaoian					514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			Nangaoian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			Meishucunian					521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †							529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian					530.7
															538.8