PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian	Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian						259.51
		Wordian			Midian						264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian						273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian						279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian						283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian						286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian				300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian				303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Huashibanian				318.5 *
			Lousuan				321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian			Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian			Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †			497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
											509