PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126606 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian	Sheridanian								0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
					Monroecreekian							23.1 *
					Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian	Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian					Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
												509