PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian								Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean								Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan			3.6
											Montehermosan			3.7 *
			Baodean								Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
											Chasicoan			7.9 *
											Mayoan			9.9 *
											Laventan			10.9 *
			Tunggurian											11.1
		Serravallian												11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian									Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian			15.98
											Santacrucian			16.2 *
			Xiejiaan								Santacrucian			16.9
											Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican			56
											Itaboraian			56.9 *
											Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan					150
				Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *				Ohauan
				Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian		Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Longobardian	Etalian			238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean	Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian			249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian				264.28
					Barettian				266
							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
					Mangapirian		Kubergandian		276
							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
					Telfordian				285
					Telfordian		Yakhtashian		286
							Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian				Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Couvinien			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien			Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †			504.5
														509